Repensando as escolas do século XXI: a busca por ecossistemas de aprendizagem ao longo da vida
Resumo
A relevância da educação atual para as necessidades da sociedade do século XXI é questionada, já que a maioria das escolas, especialmente nos países em desenvolvimento, oferece aos alunos experiências de aprendizagem homogeneizadoras no estilo do século XIX. Este artigo apresenta os resultados de um estudo de método misto, focado na identificação das principais características da educação do século XXI, como um conceito que deve promover experiências de aprendizagem ao longo da vida. O método combinou uma revisão sistemática da literatura, aplicação da pesquisa, visitas a escolas inovadoras e entrevistas com especialistas internacionais em educação. Os resultados mostram a relevância de um currículo voltado para habilidades sociais e currículos orientados a objetivos, a ativação de caminhos de aprendizagem pessoais e a minimização da instrução em favor da pesquisa como uma abordagem de ensino. Vale ressaltar que, embora a maioria dos resultados seja amplamente discutidos na literatura, atualmente são apresentadas novas possibilidades de implementação e com maior potencial de inovação, devido à evolução tecnológica do nosso tempo.
Palavras-chave
Referências
DALZIEL, J.; DOBOZY, E. Reflections on metaphors for learning design. In: DALZIEL, J. Learning design: conceptualizing a framework for teaching and learning online. New York, NY: Routledge, 2016. p. 63-77.
DAVID, H. Why are there still so many jobs? The history and future of workplace automation. The Journal of Economic Perspectives, v. 29, n. 3, p. 3-30, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.29.3.3
DEDE, C. Reconceptualizing technology integration to meet the necessity of transformation. Journal of Curriculum and Instruction, v. 5, n. 1, p. 4-16, 4 May 2011. https://doi.org/10.3776/joci.2011.v5n1p4-16
DROUT, M. D. C. et al. Text preparation of beowulf. In: DROUT, M. D. C. et al. (Eds.). Beowulf unlocked. Cham: Springer, 2016. p. 17-22.
EVANS, P. Twenty-first-century learning. In: CANTRELL, B. (Ed.). Codify: parametric and computational design in landscape architecture. New York, NY: Routledge, 2018. p. 64-70.
FELDMAN, R.; SANGER, J. The text mining handbook: advanced approaches in analyzing unstructured data. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008.
FREY, C. B.; OSBORNE, M. A. The future of employment: How susceptible are jobs to computerisation? Technological Forecasting and Social Change, v. 114, p. 254-280, jan. 2017. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2016.08.019
FREY, T. Fifty-five jobs of the future: part one. Journal of Environmental Health, v. 76, n. 8, p. 38-40, Apr. 2014.
FULLAN, M. All systems go: the change imperative for whole system reform. Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin, 2010.
FULLAN, M. The principal: three keys to maximizing impact. San Francisco, CA: John Wiley & Sons, 2014.
GOUGH, D.; OLIVER, S.; THOMAS, J. An introduction to systematic reviews. London: Sage, 2012.
GREENE, H. C.; MANNER, J. C. A national crisis and a call to action: Preparing teachers to teach children from poverty. In: PETTY, T.; GOOD, A.; PUTMAN, S. M. (Eds.). Handbook of research on professional development for quality teaching and learning: advances in higher education and professional development. Hershey, PA: IGI Global, 2016. p. 387-408.
GUETTAT, B.; FARHAT, R. An approach to compose personal curriculums. In: INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY AND ACCESSIBILITY, 4th., 2013. Proceedings... Tunisia: IEEE, 2013. Available from:
GYNTHER, K. Design framework for an adaptive MOOC enhanced by blended learning: supplementary training and personalized learning for teacher professional development. Electronic Journal of e-Learning, v. 14, n. 1, p. 15-30, 2016.
HAMILTON, E. ICT and educational transformation: factors towards a complex systems approach to personalized learning communities. Connecting Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning to Policy and Practice. In: INTERNATIONAL COMPUTER-SUPPORTED COLLABORATIVE LEARNING CONFERENCE, 9th, Hong Kong, 2011. Proceedings.... Available from:
HANSON, W. E. et al. Mixed methods research designs in counseling psychology. Journal of Counseling Psychology, v. 52, n. 2, p. 224-235, Apr. 2005. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.52.2.224
HEINRICH, E.; BHATTACHARYA, M.; RAYUDU, R. Preparation for lifelong learning using ePortfolios. European Journal of Engineering Education, v. 32, n. 6, p. 653-663, Dec. 2007. https://doi.org/10.1080/03043790701520602
HIGGINS, S. Critical thinking for 21st-century education: A cyber-tooth curriculum? Prospects, v. 44, n. 4, p. 559-74, Dec. 2014. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11125-014-9323-0
HUBA, M. E.; FREED, J. E. Learner centered assessment on college campuses: Shifting the focus from teaching to learning. Community College Journal of Research and Practice, v. 24, n. 9, p. 759-766, 2000.
HURSH, D. W. The end of public schools: the corporate reform agenda to privatize education. New York, NY: Routledge, 2016.
JOHNSON, R. B.; ONWUEGBUZIE, A. J. Mixed methods research: a research paradigm whose time has come. Educational Researcher, v. 33, n. 7, p. 14-26, Oct 2004. https://doi.org/10.3102/0013189X033007014
LICHTMAN, G. # EdJourney: a roadmap to the future of education. San Francisco, CA: John Wiley & Sons, 2014.
MAHONEY, J. et al. Six drivers of student success: a look inside five of the world’s highest-performing school systems. Columbus: Battelle for Kids, 2012.
MCCULLOCH, G. Educational reconstruction: the 1944 education act and the twenty-first century. second edition ed. Ilford: Woburn Press, 2011.
MCHUGH, M. L. Interrater reliability: the kappa statistic. Biochemia Medica (Zabreb), v. 22, n. 3, p. 276-82, Oct. 2012. https://doi.org/10.11613/BM.2012.031
MISHRA, P.; MEHTA, R. What we educators get wrong about 21st-century learning: results of a survey. Journal of Digital Learning in Teacher Education, v. 33, n. 1, p. 6-19, 2017.
MORAES, M. C. B.; KALNIN, G. F. Qualidade na educação superior: uma revisão teórica da evolução conceitual no campo da educação superior. Ensaio: Avaliação e Políticas Públicas em Educação, Rio de Janeiro, v. 26, n. 100, p. 530-551, jul. 2018. https://doi.org/10.1590/s0104-40362018002601114
MOYE, J. N. (ED.). Learning differentiated curriculum design in higher education. West Yorkshire, UK: Emerald, 2019.
NODDINGS, N. Standardized curriculum and loss of creativity. Theory Into Practice, v. 52, n. 3, p. 210-215, 3 jul. 2013. https://doi.org/10.1080/00405841.2013.804315
OLIVEIRA, T. The training of the teacher in the 21th century: an approach with the history of medieval education. Ensaio: Avaliação e Políticas Públicas em Educação, Rio de Janeiro, v. 26, n. 100, p. 706-722, jul. 2018. https://doi.org/10.1590/s0104-40362018002601609
ONWUEGBUZIE, A. J.; COLLINS, K. M. A typology of mixed methods sampling designs in social science research. The Qualitative Report, v. 12, n. 2, p. 281-316, 2007.
REBER, R.; CANNING, E. A.; HARACKIEWICZ, J. M. Personalized education to increase interest. Current Directions in Psychological Science, v. 27, n. 6, p. 449-54, Dec. 2018. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721418793140
REDECKER, C. et al. The future of learning: preparing for change. Luxembourg: Publications Office, 2011.
ROBINSON, K.; ARONICA, L. Creative schools: the grassroots revolution that’s transforming education. New York: Penguin Random House, 2015.
ROSS, J.; COLLIER, A. Complexity, mess, and not-yetness: teaching online with emerging technologies. In: VELETSIANOS, G. (Ed.). Emergence and innovation in digital learning: foundations and applications. Edmonton: Athabasca University, 2016. p. 17-33.
SCHLEICHER, A. Preparing teachers and developing school leaders for the 21st Century: lessons from around the world. Paris: OECD, 2012.
SELWYN, N. Is technology good for education? Cambridge, UK: Polity Press, 2016.
SLAVICH, G. M.; ZIMBARDO, P. G. Transformational teaching: theoretical underpinnings, basic principles, and core methods. Educational Psychology Review, v. 24, n. 4, p. 569-608, Dec. 2012. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10648-012-9199-6
SOUZA, M. The spiritual dimension of education: addressing issues of identity and belonging. Discourse and Communication for Sustainable Education, v. 7, n. 1, p. 125-38, Jan. 2016. https://doi.org/10.1515/dcse-2016-0009
TOMEI, L. A. Top 10 technologies for designing 21st Century instruction. International Journal of Information and Communication Technology Education, v. 9, n. 3, p. 80-93, Jul. 2013. https://doi.org/10.4018/jicte.2013070106
TURNER III, D. W. Qualitative interview design: a practical guide for novice investigators. Qualitative Report, v. 15, n. 3, p. 754-760, 2010.
VAN RAAN, A. F. J. Sleeping beauties in science. Scientometrics, v. 59, n. 3, p. 467-72, 2004. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:SCIE.0000018543.82441.f1
WARSCHAUER, M. The paradoxical future of digital learning. Learning Inquiry, v. 1, n. 1, p. 41-49, 2007. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11519-007-0001-5
WOOD, P. W. The higher education bubble. Society, v. 48, n. 3, p. 208-212, May 2011.
YIN, R. K. Mixed methods research: are the methods genuinely integrated or merely parallel. Research in the Schools, v. 13, n. 1, p. 41-47, 2006.
ZINS, J. E. et al. The scientific base linking social and emotional learning to school success. In: ZINS, J. E. et al. (Eds.). . Building academic success on social and emotional learning: what does the research say? New York, NY: Teachers College Press, 2004.
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0104-40362019002702138
Apontamentos
- Não há apontamentos.
Direitos autorais 2018 Revista Ensaio: Avaliação e Políticas Públicas em Educação
Este obra está licenciado com uma Licença Creative Commons Atribuição-NãoComercial 4.0 Internacional.
Programa de Apoio às Publicacoes Cientificas (AED) do Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovação (MCTI), Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e tecnologico (CNPq), Ministerio da Educação (MEC), Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (Capes)
Revista chancelada pela Unesco. Revista parceira da Associação Brasileira de Avaliação Educacional (ABAVE)